Binge Drinking Essay - 2069 Words

Binge Drinking On a wet, dark, and snowy Sunday night an outsider wouldnt expect a Northeastern University campus bar to be crowded. In fact, most students cant even leave their dorms because there is too much snow. Yet a tiny pub, located barely off campus on Gainesboro Street, is packed wall to wall with students. A small community is drinking away their problems while discussing the probability of school being canceled. Many experts would describe this act as binge drinking, but any student would prefer to describe it as just a regular Sunday night. The Harvard School of Public Health has done numerous studies on college binge drinking. These studies are known as the standard for binge drinking data. They define binge drinking†¦show more content†¦These deaths range from alcohol poisonings, falls, automobile accidents, fires, hypothermia resulting from exposure, and drowning. A New England College student, P.J. Steverman, was found dead in a swamp located nearby the school’s campus located in Henniker, New Hampshire in 1996. He allegedly left a party alone after a night of heavy drinking. In May of 1997 another alcohol related death occurred. Robert Jordan, of Hartwick College in Oneonta, N.Y., drowned after falling into a river after a night of binge drinking. Scott Krueger was a freshman at M.I.T. when he died in 1997 from excessive drinking at a school fraternity party. The Boston area tried to crack down on college partying after the tragic event. Students began having parties broken up quicker, stricter rules against alcohol, and more school sponsored events aiming at curbing alcohol intake. After the death, M.I.T. implicated a new policy requiring freshman to live on campus. Under the new rules, fines of over $1,000 could be handed out to those who violate the alcohol regulations. The school also hired five alcohol-free advisers for the fraternities and sororities to help influence students to avoid alcohol. Boston College responded Krueger’s death by creating substance abuse classes for students who violate the School’s zero tolerance alcohol policy. In addition to deaths, college drinking is linked to 500,000 injuries and 70,000 cases of sexual assault or rape. Furthermore,Show MoreRelated binge drinking Essay993 Words   |  4 Pages What Causes Binge Drinking nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Binge Drinking is an intriguing phenomenon that many college students take part in all across the country. The issue of binge drinking has been a problem on college campuses for decades. Binge drinking has many horrible effects, but the problem starts with the causes for it. If the causes could be controlled then the issue would not get out of hand. Many college students give different causes for their drinking problems, and experts on theRead MoreThe Problem Of Binge Drinking1039 Words   |  5 PagesDrinking is often a social situation for many people, one that can create a light and fun atmosphere. Unfortunately, too many people transform social drinking into an opportunity for binge drinking. And this is a major problem: people who regularly binge drink are at a much higher risk for developing alcoholism. Understanding this problematic behavior can help you understand whether or not you are at risk of developing a true alcohol addiction. Binge Drinking Definition The definition of binge drinkingRead MoreWhat Is Binge Drinking? Essay1833 Words   |  8 PagesAO1 What is binge drinking? Definition Binge drinking is, defined as people consuming a large amount of alcohol in a small amount of time and planning to get drunk (NHS, 2016). Binge drinking has now become a bigger problem in the world, binge drinking used to be described as heavy drinking over several days, but now it is known as a heavy consumption of alcohol over a short period of time. From the researchers evidence it is thought that binge drinking for men is to have eight or more drinks andRead MoreThe Increase Of Binge Drinking Essay1147 Words   |  5 PagesNationwide, binge drinking has not received the same awareness as other leading health risks. Binge drinking is the consumption of â€Å"four or more alcoholic drinks†¦for women...and five or more drinks†¦for men† per occasion(s) within a month (Kanny, Liu, Brewer Lu, 2013, p. 77). According to data collected by the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System (BRFSS) in both 2010 and 2011, the overall national prevalence of binge drinking was 17.1% and 18.4%, respectively (Kanny, Liu, Brewer Garvin,Read MoreBinge Drinking in Colleges and Universities916 Words   |  4 PagesA recent event that showcases that binge drinking is still a problem for many college students at the University of Iowa is the story of one Iowa student during the 2013 football season. Samantha Goudie, who is a twenty-two year old University of Iowa student, was once known as ‘Vodka Samm’ not only around the Iowa City area but nationally. One day in a highly intoxicated state, she tried to jump onto the field during a regular home football game and after quickly being arrested was known aroundRead MoreThe Effects Of Binge Drinking On Teens1519 Words   |  7 Pagesto look at binge drinking in teens. Binge drinking interested me because so many teenagers drink alcohol when they go out and don’t know what consequences it has on the body. Binge drinking is the consumption of an unreasonable amount of alcohol in a short period of time. I have chosen to research ‘What are the psychological and physiological effects of binge drinking in teens?’. I chose this question because I wanted to inform myself and other teens on the effects of binge drinking. The researchRead MoreBinge Drinking and College Students777 Words   |  3 PagesBinge Drinking Binge Drinking is a problem for college students who are expose to an unlimited access of alcohol for the first time ever. Studies have found that an individual’s critical thinking ability is impaired because of alcohol consumption. â€Å"Binge drinking means drinking so much within about 2 hours that blood alcohol concentration (BAC) levels reach 0.08g/dl.† As the CDC reports â€Å"One in six U.S. adults binge drinks about four times a month, consuming about eight drinks per binge† . AlcoholRead MoreBinge Drinking On College Campuses1459 Words   |  6 PagesMr. Paul October 28, 2014 Binge Drinking On College Campuses Over the past few years, there has been this big debate about whether the drinking age should be lowered to 18 or if it should stay at 21. Those in favor of lowering the drinking age to 18 argue that someone who is old enough to serve their country should be allowed to have a drink. Those who are in favor of keeping the minimum legal drinking age at 21 because of consequences regarding psychological developmentRead MoreEffects Of Binge Drinking On Children960 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a lot of support and treatment for binge drinking. Organisations such as Alcohol know your Limits and like a drink. These organisations provide support and advice to people who are suffering with binge drinking. They provide useful information about alcohol and what each genders drinking guidelines is. In addition they also provide information on the long and short term effects of binge drinking on an individual both physical and mental. Furthermore they have hotlines that people can callRead More Binge Drinking On College Campuses1536 Words   |  7 PagesDr. Yacob Ali 30 November 2015 Binge Drinking on College Campuses Approximately four out of five college students drink alcohol (niaaa.nih.gov). Although alcohol does not have immediate negative effects, over consumption can lead to serious consequences. For example, 1,825 college students between the ages of 18 and 24 die each year from alcohol-related unintentional injuries (niaaa.nih.gov).Most alcohol-related injuries and accident are a result of binge drinking. The National Institute on Alcohol

The Impact Of Solar Energy On Our Nation - 1491 Words

Impacts of Solar Energy In today’s time, solar energy has already dominated the market and has drastically changed the way our nation gets its energy supply. In every 50 to 100 square miles of American land, the effects of use of solar energy have become pretty prevalent that even small scale businesses, residences and properties have already showed interest in this new energy trend. It is now considered as one of the world’s cleanest forms of energy and plans to further utilize the use of this form of energy have started to emerge. These plans will target to resolve specific national issues including climate change, water waste disposal, high energy cost and etc. And just like any other forms of energy sources currently available in the market, the use of solar energy has its own advantages and disadvantages. Advantages of Solar Energy 1.) Solar Energy fights Global Warming There are quite a number of solar energy advantages that are worth noting. One will be that it helps to slow and stop global warming and the possible manifestation of any other environmental problems. Global warming has been one the biggest environmental issues that we’ve been trying to terminate for some years now. The effects of this phenomenon have led to an array of environmental flaws that have affected our nation both economically and socially. Luckily, countless forms of research have proven that the use of solar energy powered technologies can reduce the effects or better yet the formation ofShow MoreRelatedWe All Rely On Some Sort Of Power Source For Our Household1748 Words   |  7 PagesWe all rely on some sort of power source for our household appliances, devices, lighting and entertainment needs. Sadly, the electricity used in the majority of our homes are powered by something dangerous, fossil fuels. Fossil fuels release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere and gradually disrupts nature and pollutes the air. Now imagine a reliable alternative source of energy that can fix this issue. Solar energy is the answer. We cannot reverse the devastating damages caused by fossil fuelsRead MoreRenewable Energy Is Not The Answer978 Words   |  4 PagesRenewable Energy Is Not the Answer Renewable Energy is defined as: a renewable natural resource or source of energy, such as water, wind, or solar power (Oxford English Dictionary). There are those that believe that our nation should abandon the use of fossil fuels such as oil, natural gas, and coal, and switch to renewable energy sources. Although the change could yield many benefits, I believe that renewable energy is a not viable alternative for our nation’s energy future because it would createRead MoreThe Benefits Of Solar Energy1258 Words   |  6 Pagesof Solar Energy Solar energy has been around for decades and as time has evolved it has become the center of renewable energy. In order for you to fully understand the environmental and economical benefits of solar panels you must first understand and know their purpose. A solar panel is a panel designed to absorb the sun’s rays as a source of energy for generating electricity or heating. With the recent rise in energy costs many people have been looking to alternative sources of energy, thisRead MoreFossil Fuels : The Global Energy Problem1352 Words   |  6 Pagescornerstone of the world energy production. Oil is the most notable fossil fuel; however, coal and natural gas are also mainstream. Since global warming is the most important environmental problem the world faces and the cause is from greenhouse gases, many look to renewable energy resources to resolve the environment and energy crisis. The Global Energy Problem For many years, the world has been in an ongoing debate and struggle on what to do with our energy production and reservesRead MoreCan Solar Energy Save the World? Essay564 Words   |  3 Pagescatastrophic impact it can have on the environment and therefore even to life. The main contributor to this are the fossil fuels because of the greenhouse gases which they emit when used. With the use of fossil fuels increasing because of the increase in population questions are being raised on till when fossil fuels can be sustained. And the answer to that is not long, probably only a century, so it’s time that we look for alternative sources of energy. Presently, renewable energy is the best substituteRead MoreEnvironmental Research Issue : Global Warming1465 Words   |  6 Pagesover ecosystems and even human activity. Global warming is the process by which carbon emissions are released at a rate greater than the time it takes for them to be recycled back into the biosphere. This excess of carbon in our atmosphere has trapped heat from the sun and solar radiation that instead of being released into space, has instead been trapped into a closed system on Earth. The result of this is a planet that has seen its average temperature gradually rise over the past few decades. TheRead MoreAlternative Energy is the Solution to the Fossil Fuel Dilemma1366 Words   |  6 PagesAlternative Energy is the Solution to the Fossil Fuel Dilemma If the United States continues to employ fossil fuels for energy, the nation will ultimately become more dependent upon fuel imports from the troublesome nations of the Middle East, and we will continue to damage our precious environment. Since the United States relies so heavily on fuel from the Middle East, the U.S. is subject to the will of those quarrelsome nations in order to maintain our fuel reserve. A shortage of oil canRead MoreRenewable Energy : Alternative Energy1559 Words   |  7 PagesAlternative energy can be defined as Energy, as solar, wind, or nuclear energy, that can replace or supplement traditional fossil-fuel sources, such as coal, oil, and natural gas. When thinking about alternative energy sources we generally focus on the main types: nuclear, solar, wind, and hydroelectric. These are things that mainly do not cause pollution and are very environmentally friendly (Alternative Energy). Alternative energy is thought to be renewable and â€Å"free.† Bi omass Energy, Wind Energy, SolarRead MoreUse Of Conventional Fuels ( Coal And Oil ) For The Production Of Energy1669 Words   |  7 PagesThe use of conventional fuels (coal and oil) for the production of energy has caused detrimental effects on the planet with the emissions of greenhouse gases. Switching most of, but hopefully entirely, the world’s population to alternative renewable energy is the only way to save Earth from the decline of the ozone layer. The ozone layer blocks UV radiation that causes many health problems for people and animals, but the ozone layer also aids in the regulation of the planets normal homeostasis. WithoutRead MoreSolar Energy Is Becoming More Of A Reasonable Price1491 Words   |  6 PagesWe used the solar energy for quite a few things; is to dry our clothes and give us food. Just a minor portion of the sun’s solar energy that hits the Earth is sufficient to meet all our needs many circumstances over. Every second, enough energy reac hes earth that can provide us with energy for a year, only if we know how to utilize it. According to (Solar Energy Industries Association) â€Å"Solar Energy is becoming more of a reasonable price. It has become predominant in the United States than any time

Market Process and Research Essentials †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Market Process and Research Essentials. Answer: Introduction: Background to Marketing Marketingis a practice that dates back to the earlier 20th century even before the phase of industrial revolution wave that swept across the western nations of the world.Marketing as a process involves more than just one element. It is the systematic process of promoting goods and services for the potential buyers to access (Isoraite, 2009). Additionally, the process involves market research and mechanisms used for promotion, including advertising and other promotional activities. The ultimate goal of marketing is hitting the profit targets set by the organizations in their business activities (UnLtd n.d.). It is widely understood that firms that employ a comprehensive marketing strategy, with huge budgets set for promotional endeavors have a perfect track record of posting high profits from their business ventures. In the modern day marketing, organizations are increasingly utilizing the marketing concept. It is a concept that proposes that for any organization or a firm to fulfill their objectives, then they should anticipate customers needs and wants and satisfy them more efficiently than the competitors (Ray Ross, 2008), and there is a direct link between marketing and the marketing concept. The early 1960s saw Prof. Neil Borden of Harvard Business School suggest that all the company efforts to convince consumers to buy goods and services represented marketing mix, and this was further elaborated by Professor Jerome McCarthy of the Michigan State University that the marketing mix contains four elements: Product, Place, Price and Promotion (Ehmke, Fulton Lusk n.d.). Marketing is operations are undertaken under environmental factors, and these include Micro environment of the external factors within the control of the organization such as suppliers (Procurement Leaders, 2013) and competitors ; to Macro environment which consists of external factors beyond the control of the business such as the political and economic states of a country within which the business is set (Sammut-Bonnici, 2015). Research Problem The increased organizational competition is becoming a headache for the management of most business organizations a situation that results in scramble for market space and market share. The availability of the market does not guarantee success for the firms products, which means; only the clearly defined strategic marketing plan and positioning of the product within the market will earn you reputation that will generate sales for your products (Istrat, Jovicic, Arsovski, Badjok, 2016). Most companies have had to shut down as a result of employing poor marketing strategies that eventually leads to low customer approval. Producing high quality products is one of greatest aspects of the successful organization, and having all the required resources is an added advantage; but having a poorly targeted marketing plan nullifies all the other great efforts undertaken by the company. Companies flourish with perfectly designed marketing plans and strategies; therefore this research will seek to elaborate the roles marketing plays for the success of biggest business enterprises, and the consequent impacts it has in the business sector. The Objectives of the Research This research seeks to debunk the marketing process as employed in various organizational set ups and eventual aftermath of its effects on the business as well as the marketing contexts in which these businesses are established. Therefore, with all comprehensiveness, this study seeks to: Identify what marketing techniques are undertaken by the large business enterprises. Establish when and where the marketing techniques are used by the organizations, and Elaborate how the marketing processes undertaken by the firm affects overall business performance and the market share. Study Design This study would be undertaken within three big Australian cities, Melbourne, Canberra and Sydney, targeting 7 managers of different large business enterprises in each city, which makes a total of 21 managers from 21 large-scale business enterprises across the three cities. This would involve one on one interview sessions and questionnaire survey to link up the analysis of the market. The selection of the three cities gives the study the much needed dimension and comparison of the marketing processes, and the common impacts they have within the business sector. This is because the cities varying characteristics would still bring out common characteristics of the marketing process, and create credible grounds of the validity of this study. Areas of Questioning Given the elaborate nature of the study and the extensiveness of the marketing processes this study seeks to achieve in bringing out the role of marketing in the business sector; this study would consider the study objectives in devising the questionnaire on the basis of the following questioning areas: The identification of the marketing techniques that organizations utilize in promoting their business, the marketing plan, marketing mix , market segmentation, targeting and positioning and any other important marketing techniques available. Secondly, the questionnaire would seek to establish the circumstances within which the marketing processes and techniques would be employed by the business enterprises, external and internal environmental factors among others. Finally, the subsequent impact the marketing processes and techniques would have on the performance of the business, the increased sales and increased revenue generation. Research Methodology This research would take different research methodologies into account. Firstly, the study population would comprise of the top managers of seven companies from each city, that is, Canberra, Melbourne and Sydney. The data collection methods would involve use of interviews, whereby there would be one on one interview sessions with each of the selected managers of the top companies. Then secondly, there would be administering of the questionnaire which would be a back up for the interviews to confirm the similarities of information regarding the marketing context within which these companies operate. Furthermore, personal observation would also be one of the data collecting methods in this process, whereby important information about organizational processes that relate to marketing can easily be recognized by use of eyes, e.g. the companys marketing objectives outlined in the brochures, their core values and the general operations which defines the organizational culture and marketing goals. Cost: - The cost of this research proposal is estimated at $5 million, which will cater for the transportation of the personnel who will facilitate the administering and collection of the questionnaires, professional data analysts, and payment of all legal fees to the authorities before undertaking the process. Furthermore, all documentations and stationery, a computer machine, a printer and radio recorders would all be procured for the purposes of this research. Timing: - Time factor is a significant matter for planning. Therefore, the whole research process would take a period of six months. This would involve 3 months of data collection that is, booking of the appointments with the managers in advance and sticking to the schedule. Each of the three cities would have a target of one month time duration for data collection process. Then one month for the sampling of the collected data, the fifth month would be about the professional analysis of the data by the hired qualified data professionals and finally, the sixth month compiling of the final research report and presenting the results of the findings. Data Analysis The data analysis would be based on the collected data in the questionnaires and interview sessions. The analysis would be based on the findings and the comparisons of the marketing trends between the three cities, varying factors, constant and variables of different marketing environments based on the findings (WSP n.d.). The common factor among all the seven business enterprises in each of the mentioned cities is that they both carry out marketing programmes and they all have marketing plans and strategies in their business plans (Frolova, 2014). The analysis would also determine the extent of promotion activities in the business performance of the current market (Cuellar-Healey, 2013). Specifications The cost estimates of this study are based on the following assumptions: Number of completed interviews: 18 Average length of the interview: 30 minutes Average completion rate: 75% There would be open-minded questions Sampling techniques: Systematic random sampling There would be factor analysis, 3 perceptual maps with gap analysis. Report Services Developing questionnaire in conjunction with managers of the top organizations within Melbourne, Sydney and Canberra. Generating the sample within the target area, Program the survey Oversee the administering of questionnaire and the whole process Prepare for the one on one interview sessions Processing of data, and compilation of the statistical tables Analyzing data, and preparing the report. Proposed Outcomes The study would generate a considerable amount of proposed outcomes and targets it aims at achieving. Some of the vital outcomes from the study would include: The establishment of major marketing techniques that the major organizations employ in their marketing strategy. They would include: The marketing mix, marketing concept, positioning, targeting and advertising among others. The outcomes of the exact time and place the organizations make use of the marketing techniques in their marketing strategy. This would be for example television ads during prime news hours. Then lastly, the outcomes on the ways the organization utilizes the marketing techniques. This may include the medium used such as social media marketing, electronic media and promotions, and their use Conclusion The complexity of marketing warrants deep analysis and understanding of the marketing concepts the marketing plan and the marketing techniques. The success of any organization depends on how successfully they devise a successful marketing strategy that would in the end generate higher sales for the organization. To productively understand what marketing plan suites your business a very detailed analysis and research of all the facilitating factors are required. Therefore, this proposal would present all the possible outcomes of a marketing process that most organizations can make use of in their establishment of big business ventures. References Cuellar-Healey, S 2013, 'Marketing Module 8: Promotion ', Marketing Modules Series. Ehmke, C, Fulton, J Lusk, J, 'Marketings Four Ps: First Steps for New Entrepreneurs', Purdue Extension. Frolova, S 2014, 'The Role of Advertising In Promoting A Product', Thesis CENTRIA UNIVERSITY OF APPLIED SCIENCES Degree Programme in Industrial Management. Isoraite, M 2009, 'Theoritical Aspetcs of Marketing Strategy', Ekonomika ir vadyba: aktualijos ir perspektyvos, pp. 114-125. Istrat, Jovicic, Arsovski Badjok 2016, 'Economic Factors Affecting Business Decision Making', International Conference on Applied Internet and Information Technologies. Procurement Leaders 2013, 'Strategy Guide: Supplier Relationship Management'. Ray, P Ross, M 2008, 'Competitor Analysis ', Gateway Series Sries No 21. Sammut-Bonnici, T 2015, Macroenvironment, Wiley Encyclopedia of Management. UnLtd, 'Developing Your Marketing Strategy And Marketing Plan', Theme 6: Marketing, pp. 127-134. WSP, 'Marketing Mix: Place', Introductory Guide to Sanitation Marketing.

Introduction to Montessori free essay sample

Q1. Discuss the life and works of Dr. Maria Montessori and why is she referred to as a lady much ahead of her time? If education is always to be conceived along the same antiquated lines of a mere transmission of knowledge, there is little to b hoped from it in the bettering of man’s life. For what is the use of transmitting knowledge if the individual’s total development lags behind. Dr. Maria Montessori . Maria Tecla Artemesia Montessori (Italian pronunciation: [ma? ria montes? s? ri]; August 31, 1870 – May 6, 1952) was an Italian physician and educator best known for the philosophy of education that bears her name, and her writing on scientific pedagogy. Her educational method is in use today in public and private schools throughout the world. Contents 1 Life and career 1. 1 Birth and family 1. 2 1883–1896: Education 1. 3 1896–1901: Early career and family 1. 4 1901–1906: Further studies 1. 5 1906–1911: Casa dei Bambini and the spread of Montessoris ideas 1. We will write a custom essay sample on Introduction to Montessori or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 6 1909–1915: International recognition and growth of Montessori education 1. 7 1915–1939: Further development of Montessori education 1. 8 1939–1946: Montessori in India 1. 9 1946–1952: The last years 2 Educational philosophy and pedagogy 2. 1 Early influences 2. 2 Scientific pedagogy 2. 3 Casa dei Bambini 2. 4 Further development and Montessori Education today 3 Montessori Method 4 Works . Birth and family. Montessori was born on August 31, 1870 in Ancona, Italy. Her father, Alessandro Montessori was a conservative military man. Her mother, Renidle Montissore was an educated and liberal lady and supported Maria’s educational pursuit. She got chance to have education throughout Italy because of her father’s frequent transfers. 1883–1896: Education Montessori entered a public elementary school at the age of 6 in 1876. Montessori entered a secondary, technical school Regia Scuola Tecnica Michelangelo Buonarroti by the time she graduated in 1890 with a certificate in physics–mathematics, she had decided to study medicine instead, an even more unlikely pursuit given cultural norms at the time. University of Rome—Medical school. Montessori moved forward with her intention to study medicine, but was strongly discouraged. Nonetheless, in 1890, she enrolled in the University of Rome in a degree course in natural sciences. This degree, along with additional studies in Italian and Latin, qualified her for entrance into the medical program at the University in 1893, she was met with hostility and harassment from some medical students and professors and her father. Despite opposition of many years, Montessori graduated with highest honors from the University of Rome in 1896 as a doctor of medicine and holds the title of being the first lady doctor in the history of Italy. She found employment as an assistant at the University hospital and started a private practice. 1896–1901: Early career. From 1896 to 1901, Montessori worked with and researched so-called phrenasthenic children—in modern terms, children experiencing some form of mental retardation, illness, or disability. She also began to travel, study, speak, and publish nationally and internationally, coming to prominence as an advocate for womens rights and education for mentally disabled children. Work with special children. After graduating from the University of Rome in 1896, Montessori continued with her research at the Universitys psychiatric clinic, and in 1897 she was accepted as a voluntary assistant there. As part of her work, she visited asylums in Rome where she observed children with mental disabilities, observations which were fundamental to her future educational work. She also read and studied the works of 19th-century physicians and educators Jean Marc Gaspard Itard and Edouard Seguin, who greatly influenced her work. Maria was intrigued with Itards ideas and created a far more specific and organized system for applying them to the everyday education of children with disabilities. When she discovered the works of Jean Itard and Edouard Seguin they gave her a new direction in thinking and influenced her to focus on children with learning difficulties. Also in 1897, Montessori audited the University courses in pedagogy and read all the major works on educational theory of the past two hundred years. Public advocacy. In 1899 Montessori was appointed a councilor to the newly formed National League for the Protection of Retarded Children, and was invited to lecture on special methods of education for retarded children . She joined the board of the National League and was appointed as a lecturer in hygiene and anthropology at one of the two teacher-training colleges for women in Italy. Orthophrenic School. In 1900 Montessori was appointed directed of the new Orthophrenic School, a medico-pedagogical institute for training teachers in educating mentally disabled children with an attached laboratory classroom. During her two years at the school, Montessori developed methods and materials which she would later adapt to use with mainstream children. The school was an immediate success, attracting the attention of government officials from the departments of education and health, civic leaders, and prominent figures in the fields of education, psychiatry, and anthropology from the University of Rome. The children in the model classroom were drawn from ordinary schools but considered uneducable due to their deficiencies. Some of these children later passed public examinations and Montessori startled the world. 1901–1906: Further studies In 1901, Montessori left the Orthophrenic School and her private practice, and in 1902 she enrolled in the philosophy degree course at the University of Rome. She also pursued independent study in anthropology and educational philosophy, conducted observations and experimental research in elementary schools, and revisited the work of Itard and Seguin, translating their books into handwritten Italian. During this time she began to consider adapting her methods of educating mentally disabled children to mainstream education. Montessoris work developing what she would later call scientific pedagogy continued over the next few years. In 1903 and 1904, she conducted anthropological research with Italian school children, and in 1904 she was qualified as a free lecturer in anthropology for the University of Rome. She was appointed to lecture in the Pedagogic School at the University and continued in the position until 1908. Her lectures were printed as a book titled Pedagogical Anthropology in 1910. 1906–1911: Casa dei Bambini and the spread of Montessoris ideas. In 1906 Montessori was invited to oversee the care and education of a group of children of working parents in a new apartment building for low-income families in located in the worst slum district of Rome. Montessori was interested in applying her work and methods to mentally normal children, and she accepted. The name Casa dei Bambini, or Childrens House, was suggested to Montessori, and the first Montessori house opened on January 6, 1907, enrolling 60 children between the ages of two or three and six or seven. At first, the classroom was equipped with a teachers table and blackboard, a stove, small chairs, armchairs, and group tables for the children, and a locked cabinet for the materials that Montessori had developed at the Orthophrenic School. Activities for the children included personal care such as dressing and undressing, care of the environment such as dusting and sweeping, and caring for the garden. The children were also shown the use of the materials Montessori had developed. ] Montessori herself, occupied with teaching, research, and other professional activities, oversaw and observed the classroom work, but did not teach the children directly. Day-to-day teaching and care were provided, under Montessoris guidance. In this first classroom, Montessori observed behaviors in these young children which formed the foundation of her educational method. She noted episodes of deep attention and concentration, multiple repetitions of activity, and a sensitivity to order in the environment. Given free choice of activity, the children showed more interest in practical activities and Montessoris materials than in toys provided for them, and were surprisingly unmotivated by sweets and other rewards. Over time, she saw a spontaneous self-discipline emerge. Based on her observations, Montessori implemented a number of practices that became hallmarks of her educational philosophy and method. She replaced the heavy furniture with child-sized tables and chairs light enough for the children to move, and placed child-sized materials on low, accessible shelves. She expanded the range of practical activities such as sweeping and personal care to include a wide variety of exercises for care of the environment and the self, including flower arranging, hand washing, gymnastics, care of pets, and cooking. She also included large open air sections in the classroom encouraging children to come and go as they please in the rooms different areas. She felt by working independently children could reach new levels of autonomy and become self-motivated to reach new levels of understanding. Montessori also came to believe that acknowledging all children as individuals and treating them as such would yield better learning and fulfilled potential in each particular child. She continued to adapt and refine the materials she had developed earlier. She began to see independence as the aim of education, and the role of the teacher as an observer and director of childrens innate psychological development. Spread of Montessori education in Italy. The first Casa dei Bambini was a success, and a second was opened on April 7, 1907. The children in her programs continued to exhibit concentration, attention, and spontaneous self-discipline, and the classrooms began to attract the attention of prominent educators, journalists, and public figures. In the fall of 1907, Montessori began to experiment with teaching materials for writing and reading—letters cut from sandpaper and mounted on boards, moveable cutout letters, and picture cards with labels. Four- and five-year-old children engaged spontaneously with the materials and quickly gained a proficiency in writing and reading far beyond what was expected for their age. This attracted further public attention to Montessoris work. Three more Case dei Bambini opened in 1908, and in 1909 Italian Switzerland began to replace old methods with Montessori in orphanages and kindergartens. 1909–1915: International recognition and growth of Montessori education. As early as 1909, Montessoris work began to attract the attention of international observers and visitors. Her work was widely published internationally, and spread rapidly. By the end of 1911, Montessori education had been officially adopted in public schools in Italy and Switzerland, and was planned for the United Kingdom. By 1912, Montessori schools had opened in Paris and many other Western European cities, and were planned for Argentina, Australia, China, India, Japan, Korea, Mexico, Switzerland, Syria, the United States, and New Zealand. Public programs in London, Johannesburg, Rome, and Stockholm had adopted the method in their school systems. Montessori societies were founded in the United States (the Montessori American Committee) and the United Kingdom. Highest recognition and awards . Maria Montessori was pictured on the Italian 200 lire coin and through the 1990s on the 1000 lire bill. Montessori for the Noble Peace Prize thrice. Italian 1000 Lire banknote (approx. 0. 52 â‚ ¬) representing Maria Montessori Montessori’s Death. She left the world in the Netherlands in 1952, but would always stay alive as she lives as an immortal through her method, which has helped and would continue to help children of all ages to be better human beings. She lived in old days but was definitely â€Å" A WOMAN MUCH AHEAD OF HER TIME†